Attackers are actively exploiting a critical vulnerability in mail servers sold by Zimbra in an attempt to remotely execute malicious commands that install a backdoor, researchers warn.
The vulnerability, tracked as CVE-2024-45519, resides in the Zimbra email and collaboration server used by medium and large organizations. When an admin manually changes default settings to enable the postjournal service, attackers can execute commands by sending maliciously formed emails to an address hosted on the server. Zimbra recently patched the vulnerability. All Zimbra users should install it or, at a minimum, ensure that postjournal is disabled.
Easy, yes, but reliable?
On Tuesday, Security researcher Ivan Kwiatkowski first reported the in-the-wild attacks, which he described as “mass exploitation.” He said the malicious emails were sent by the IP address 79.124.49[.]86 and, when successful, attempted to run a file hosted there using the tool known as curl. Researchers from security firm Proofpoint took to social media later that day to confirm the report.
On Wednesday, security researchers provided additional details that suggested the damage from ongoing exploitation was likely to be contained. As already noted, they said, a default setting must be changed, likely lowering the number of servers that are vulnerable.
Security researcher Ron Bowes went on to report that the “payload doesn’t actually do anything—it downloads a file (to stdout) but doesn’t do anything with it.” He said that in the span of about an hour earlier Wednesday a honey pot server he operated to observe ongoing threats received roughly 500 requests. He also reported that the payload isn’t delivered through emails directly, but rather through a direct connection to the malicious server through SMTP, short for the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol.
“That's all we've seen (so far), it doesn't really seem like a serious attack,” Bowes wrote. “I'll keep an eye on it, and see if they try anything else!”
In an email sent Wednesday afternoon, Proofpoint researcher Greg Lesnewich seemed to largely concur that the attacks weren’t likely to lead to mass infections that could install ransomware or espionage malware. The researcher provided the following details:
- While the exploitation attempts we have observed were indiscriminate in targeting, we haven’t seen a large volume of exploitation attempts
- Based on what we have researched and observed, exploitation of this vulnerability is very easy, but we do not have any information about how reliable the exploitation is
- Exploitation has remained about the same since we first spotted it on Sept. 28th
- There is a PoC available, and the exploit attempts appear opportunistic
- Exploitation is geographically diverse and appears indiscriminate
- The fact that the attacker is using the same server to send the exploit emails and host second-stage payloads indicates the actor does not have a distributed set of infrastructure to send exploit emails and handle infections after successful exploitation. We would expect the email server and payload servers to be different entities in a more mature operation.
- Defenders protecting Zimbra appliances should look out for odd CC or To addresses that look malformed or contain suspicious strings, as well as logs from the Zimbra server indicating outbound connections to remote IP addresses.
Proofpoint has explained that some of the malicious emails used multiple email addresses that, when pasted into the CC field, attempted to install a webshell-based backdoor on vulnerable Zimbra servers. The full cc list was wrapped as a single string and encoded using the base64 algorithm. When combined and converted back into plaintext, they created a webshell at the path: /jetty/webapps/zimbraAdmin/public/jsp/zimbraConfig.jsp.