An unprecedented space mission lifted off from NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral, Florida, early Tuesday. Dubbed Polaris Dawn, the first-of-its-kind mission used a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket to launch a Crew Dragon capsule containing four private astronauts for a five-day orbit.
On Thursday, two crew members exited the spacecraft to conduct the first spacewalks by members of a commercial venture.
"SpaceX, back at home we all have a lot of work to do, but from here, Earth sure looks like a perfect world," said Mission Commander Jared Isaacman from an open hatch. The mission team shared that moment in a video posted to social media Thursday as SpaceX marked the completion of that excursion.
The mission is a follow-up of sorts to a 2021 private mission called Inspiration4. Both were backed by Isaacman, the billionaire founder and chief executive of the data company Shift4. Polaris Dawn has been in the works for several years; at one point, there was talk of sending a crew to boost the life of the Hubble space telescope.
This new mission isn't that. Instead, the crew is using spacesuit technology developed by SpaceX for its spacewalk activities. They are also testing laser-based communications with satellite broadband provider Starlink as part of an effort to pave the way for travel to places including Mars. Starlink is a subsidiary of SpaceX, which is owned by Tesla CEO Elon Musk.
The risks aren't negligible: The crew has also achieved the highest orbit of Earth ever recorded and has passed through heavy radiation and risk potentially significant damage from small space rocks and debris.
How can I watch and follow Polaris Dawn's mission?
From talking fridges to iPhones, our experts are here to help make the world a little less complicated.
In addition to news coverage, you can find updates on Polaris Dawn on the mission's website, X, Instagram and Flickr, where photos from the mission will be posted.
From talking fridges to iPhones, our experts are here to help make the world a little less complicated.
Who's on the mission?
The crew comprises four members. They are:
Jared Isaacman, the Shift4 CEO, who's said to be spending hundreds of million dollars on the mission, on which he'll serve as mission commander. Isaacman was on the Inspiration4 mission in 2021 as well.
Sarah Gillis, SpaceX's senior operations engineer, who's trained NASA astronauts and who'll serve as mission specialist for Polaris Dawn. Along with Isaacman, she'll be one of the two crew members who perform the spacewalk.
Scott Poteet, who served as mission director of Inspiration4, is a former fighter jet pilot for the US Air Force. He'll be doing communications and spacewalk assistance on the mission.
Anna Menon, a lead space operations engineer at SpaceX, will be in charge of the crew's health during Polaris Dawn.
What do they hope to accomplish on this mission?
In addition to the spacewalk, which Isaacman and Gillis were the first private astronauts to perform, the mission is testing laser communications with Starlink and performing a series of biology and human endurance tests, according to the Polaris Dawn website.
The spacecraft traveled to an orbit of about 870 miles above the Earth, just past the altitude record of 853 miles set by the Gemini XI mission in 1966, according to The New York Times. For comparison, the International Space Station orbits at roughly 250 miles.
Polaris Dawn is expected to be the first of three missions, the next two of which would use SpaceX's new Starship rocket.
What took so long with the Polaris Dawn launch?
The Falcon 9 rocket blasted off at 5:23 a.m. ET on Tuesday, following two weeks of postponements. SpaceX marked the occasion with a short, to-the-point message on X: "Liftoff of Polaris Dawn!" Shortly afterward, the first-stage booster returned, landing on its target droneship as the spacecraft continued its ascent. Within 15 minutes, the crew was in orbit.
Tuesday's launch window was the latest in a series of opportunities that had come and gone since late August. "Targeting no earlier than Tuesday, Sept. 10 for Falcon 9's launch of the Polaris Dawn mission," SpaceX said in a post on the X social network (formerly Twitter) late Monday. "Weather is currently 40% favorable for liftoff, and conditions at the possible splashdown sites for Dragon's return to Earth remain a watch item."
The original launch date in the last week of August was scrubbed to allow for "a closer look at a ground-side helium leak on the Quick Disconnect umbilical," SpaceX said at the time in an X post. A day later, the Polaris Dawn team stood down again "due to unfavorable weather in Dragon's splashdown area off the coast of Florida," the company said. Isaacman had earlier posted on X that the launch team would assess conditions day by day.
"Crew safety is absolutely paramount and this mission carries more risk than usual, as it will be the furthest humans have traveled from Earth since Apollo and the first commercial spacewalk!" Musk posted in late August on X, which he owns. "If any concerns arise, the launch will be postponed until those concerns are addressed."
Correction, Aug. 28: An earlier version of this article incorrectly stated the name of Jared Isaacman's company. He's CEO of Shift4.