Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) is defined by persistent hives lasting six weeks or longer with no identifiable external trigger. The condition is characterized by red, itchy welts on the skin.
When the immune system perceives a threat, it releases histamine. This chemical widens blood vessels, leading to swelling, redness, and intense itching.
Unlike common hives triggered by allergies, infections, or temperature extremes, CSU is frequently associated with type 2 inflammation, an overactive immune response that drives various inflammatory conditions.
First-line treatment typically involves antihistamines. For patients whose symptoms remain uncontrolled, the medical field is increasingly turning to biologics, specifically monoclonal antibodies designed to target and calm the specific immune pathways involved.
Patients experiencing persistent or recurring hives should consult a primary care provider, dermatologist, or allergist.