Microplastics: The Known and Unknown Health and Environmental Risks

The term 'microplastics' was first used in 2004 by marine biologist Richard Thompson. These tiny plastic fragments, less than 5mm in diameter, originate from industrial products, larger plastic breakdown, and textile microfibers from fast fashion, a major pollution source.

In the environment, microplastics cause physical damage and immune responses in marine organisms, and alter soil fertility on land. However, long-term ecological consequences remain difficult to assess.

For humans, exposure is widespread through air, clothing, and packaging. Yet scientists lack clear evidence linking specific exposures to health outcomes. Plastics can carry toxic chemicals like PFAS, some classified as carcinogens, and early studies show links to inflammation and immune disruption.

Experts recommend collective political action to push policy changes, and individuals can gradually replace plastic items. Reducing reliance can be cost-effective. Despite rising plastic production, researchers remain optimistic, citing immense progress in the past decade.