Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death among women in the United States.
Six clinical numbers define cardiovascular risk:
Blood pressure: Systolic (top number) and diastolic (bottom number) reflect arterial force during and between heartbeats.
LDL cholesterol: Low-density lipoprotein-the 'bad' cholesterol that deposits in artery walls.
HDL cholesterol: High-density lipoprotein-the 'good' cholesterol that clears excess cholesterol to the liver.
Triglycerides: Blood fats linked to high sugar, saturated fat, refined carbs, and insulin resistance.
Total cholesterol: Sum of all blood lipids-including LDL, HDL, and triglycerides.
Lp(a): A genetically determined, independent risk factor for heart attack and atherosclerosis-not routinely tested, but recommended once for all adults.
Abnormal values-high or low-elevate risk for heart attack, stroke, heart failure, coronary artery disease, and peripheral artery disease.
Lifestyle interventions-physical activity, nutrition, smoking cessation, alcohol moderation, and sleep-are proven modifiers. Medication may be prescribed when targets aren’t met.
All women should request a full lipid profile assessment from their physician.