Heart failure is a clinical syndrome where structural or functional abnormalities impair the heart’s ability to fill or eject blood.
Global prevalence has more than doubled from 25.4 million in 1990 to over 64 million people in 2023. It remains a leading cause of hospitalization for adults older than 65, and UK prevalence is projected to double by 2040.
Increasingly driven by obesity, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease, heart failure-particularly heart failure with preserved ejection fraction-is now recognized as a systemic cardiometabolic disorder.