Multiple myeloma is a rare blood cancer that originates in plasma cells within the bone marrow. These abnormal cells multiply rapidly, producing harmful monoclonal proteins (M protein) instead of protective antibodies.
The disease often presents with back pain, fatigue, unexplained weight loss, frequent infections, and kidney issues. Risk factors include age over 65, Black ethnicity, family history, obesity, and prior exposure to radiation or chemicals.
Diagnosis relies on blood and urine tests for M protein, imaging for bone damage, and bone marrow biopsies. The CRAB criteria-high calcium, kidney problems, anemia, and bone lesions-guide clinical confirmation.
Two precursors exist: MGUS (benign, 1% risk of progression) and smoldering myeloma (precancerous, 10% risk). Active myeloma is staged from I to III, with stage III indicating aggressive growth.
Treatment includes targeted chemotherapy, immunotherapy, stem cell transplants, corticosteroids, radiation, and emerging CAR-T cell therapies. While no cure exists, five-year survival stands at 62%. Clinical trials remain vital for advancing care.