Amazon Web Services has deployed a new networking architecture called Random Node Grouping, or RNG, which uses quasi-random graph theory to route traffic across its data centers. It is now the default network topology for most AWS workloads.
The system replaces the fat-tree network design that has been the industry standard for years. According to a May 2026 paper, RNG matches or exceeds the performance of legacy architectures while cutting costs by 9-45% through simpler cabling and fewer switches.
For Amazon, which plans to invest roughly $200 billion in 2026 on data center and AI infrastructure, those savings translate into billions.
RNG creates what is called a “flat” topology, letting data take more direct paths between servers, instead of flowing up and down through layers of switches. The result is a network that needs fewer physical switches and dramatically less cabling. AWS noted its new modular components are designed to deliver up to 46% lower mechanical energy usage for cooling.
AWS reported a global Power Usage Effectiveness of 1.15 in 2024. The industry average hovers closer to 1.5-1.6.