The global wildlife trade significantly elevates the risk of pathogen transmission between animals and humans, with that risk escalating the longer a species is part of trade networks. This sustained interaction in commercial systems can foster the emergence of infectious diseases with epidemic potential.
Analysis of over 2,000 mammal species shows 41% of traded species share pathogens with humans, compared to only 6.4% of non-traded species. Traded mammals are approximately 1.5 times more likely to host zoonotic pathogens. Species sold live or involved in illegal trade exhibit even higher rates of pathogen sharing.
A key finding indicates that for each decade a species remains in global trade, there is an associated increase in shared human pathogens. This pattern held across hundreds of species tracked over 40 years, underscoring the cumulative risk of prolonged exposure.
The study suggests zoonotic spillover is a predictable consequence of sustained wildlife-human contact in trade. Live-animal markets and illegal trade amplify this risk due to intensified contact and reduced biosecurity. Health authorities must strengthen surveillance and integrate zoonotic risk assessments into wildlife trade regulations. Managing wildlife trade more stringently is a critical step in preventing future pandemics.